Fig. 9. Drainage from the loam column with the preferential flow path (PFP) made of coarse sand. Comparison of experimental cumulative outflow data and dual-permeability model simulations using independently estimated parameters (forward), or inversely identified parameters based on data of pressure heads and water contents in the matrix and domain-specific (inverse-local) or bulk-soil related (inverse-lumped) outflow. (a) Outflow, (b) outflow from the matrix, and (c) outflow from the PFP.