FIG. 11. (a) Effect of relative warming of the air temperature on the horizontal movement of liquid water during freezing. (b) Effect of increased vegetation, expressed in R-values (m2 s °C J–1), in the adjacent tundra on the horizontal movement of liquid water during freezing. (c) Effect of increased vegetation, expressed in R-values, on top of the nonsorted circle on the horizontal movement of liquid water during freezing. (d) Effect of even vegetation and snow increases, expressed in R-values, on the horizontal movement of liquid water during freezing.