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a Center for Geo-Ecological Research (ICG), Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED) Physical Geography, Universiteit van Amsterdam, The Netherlands (currently Dep. of Landscape Ecology and Resources Management, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35372 Giessen, Germany)
b Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and University of California, Berkeley, CA
c Sensors and Software Inc., Mississauga, ON, Canada
* Corresponding author (sander.huisman{at}agrar.uni-giessen.de)
Received 13 March 2003.
We present a comprehensive review of methods to measure soil water content with ground penetrating radar (GPR). We distinguish four methodologies: soil water content determined from reflected wave velocity, soil water content determined from ground wave velocity, soil water content determined from transmitted wave velocity between boreholes, and soil water content determined from the surface reflection coefficient. For each of these four methodologies, we discuss the basic principles, illustrate the quality of the data with field examples, discuss the possibilities and limitations, and identify areas where future research is required. We hope that this review will further stimulate the community to consider ground penetrating radar as one of the possible tools to measure soil water content.
Abbreviations: CMP, Common-MidPoint CPT, cone penetrometer GPR, ground penetrating radar MOP, multi-offset profile SWC, soil water content TDR, time domain reflectometry VRP, vertical radar profiling WARR, Wide Angle Reflection and Refraction ZOP, zero offset profile
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