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SPECIAL SECTION: RESEARCH ADVANCES IN VADOSE ZONE HYDROLOGY THROUGH SIMULATIONS WITH THE TOUGH CODES

The TOUGH Codes—A Family of Simulation Tools for Multiphase Flow and Transport Processes in Permeable Media

Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
^* Corresponding author (K_Pruess{at}lbl.gov)

Received 8 August 2003.

Numerical simulation has become a widely practiced and accepted technique for studying flow and transport processes in the vadose zone and other subsurface flow systems. This article discusses a suite of codes, developed primarily at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), with the capability to model multiphase flows with phase change. We summarize history and goals in the development of the TOUGH codes, and present the governing equations for multiphase, multicomponent flow. Special emphasis is given to space discretization by means of integral finite differences (IFD). Issues of code implementation and architecture are addressed, as well as code applications, maintenance, and future developments.

Abbreviations: EOS, equation of state • ESTSC, Energy Science and Technology Software Center • IFD, integral finite differences • LBNL, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory • NAPL, nonaqueous phase liquid • NCG, noncondensible gas • PDE, partial differential equation • VOC, volatile organic compound

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