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SPECIAL SECTION: AGROSPHERE INSTITUTE

Remote Estimation of the Hydraulic Properties of a Sand Using Full-Waveform Integrated Hydrogeophysical Inversion of Time-Lapse, Off-Ground GPR Data

^a Dep. of Environmental Sciences and Land Use Planning, Univ. catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 2 Box 2, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
^b Agrosphere (ICG-4), Institute of Chemistry and Dynamics of the Geosphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
^c Dep. of Geotechnology, Delft Univ. of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands
^d TNO Defence, Security and Safety, P.O. Box 96864, 2509 JG The Hague, The Netherlands
^e Signal and Image Centre, Royal Military Academy, Avenue de la Renaissance 30, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium
^* Corresponding author (sebastien.lambot{at}uclouvain.be).

Received 6 March 2008.

We used integrated hydrogeophysical inversion of time-lapse, proximal ground penetrating radar (GPR) data to remotely infer the unsaturated soil hydraulic properties of a laboratory sand during an infiltration event. The inversion procedure involved full-waveform modeling of the radar signal and one-dimensional, vertical flow modeling. We combined the radar model with HYDRUS-1D. The radar system was set up using standard, handheld vector network analyzer technology. Significant effects of water dynamics were observed on the time-lapse radar data. The estimated hydraulic parameters were relatively consistent with direct characterization of undisturbed sand samples. Significant differences were particularly observed for the saturated hydraulic conductivity, which was underestimated by two orders of magnitude. Nevertheless, the use of soil hydraulic parameters derived from reference measurements failed to correctly predict water dynamics, whereas GPR-based predictions captured some of the major features of time domain reflectometry measurements and better agreed with visual observations. These results suggest that the proposed method is promising for noninvasive, effective hydraulic characterization of the shallow subsurface and hence, monitoring of water dynamics at the field scale.

Abbreviations: GMCS, global multilevel coordinate search • GPR, ground-penetrating radar • NMS, Nelder–Mead simplex • PEC, perfect electrical conductor • SFCW, stepped-frequency continuous-wave • TDR, time-domain reflectometry • UWB, ultra-wideband

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