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Kilometer-Scale Rapid Transport of Naphthalene Sulfonate Tracer in the Unsaturated Zone at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory

^a USGS, 345 Middlefield Rd., Menlo Park, CA 94025
^b EGI, University of Utah, 423 Wakara Way, Suite 300, Salt Lake City, UT 84108
^c USGS, P.O. Box 2230, Idaho Falls, ID 83401

View larger version (29K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. The Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory Subsurface Disposal Area and vicinity, including spreading areas SAA, SAB, SAC, and SAD. The prevailing aquifer flow direction is toward the southwest. The predominant dip direction of the BC and CD interbeds is toward the east. Point symbols indicate wells sampled to determine tracer concentrations. Symbol shape indicates the stratigraphic unit associated with that well. Solid symbols represent wells where there was a significant positive detection of tracer during the experiment, and open symbols represent wells where there was no such detection.

View larger version (36K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Diagrammatic cross section illustrating major subsurface features, especially basalt layers, interbeds, and hypothetical perching. Arrows indicate hypothetical flow paths. This figure is not to scale; the actual depth of the BC interbed is about 35 m, of the CD interbed about 70 m, and of the water table about 200 m.

View larger version (32K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. West to east schematic cross section centered on the Subsurface Disposal Area (modified from Anderson and Lewis, 1989, p. 25). This diagram is based on data from 12 boreholes shown here as vertical lines. The linear interpolations between these indicate less variability in interbed thickness and topography than actually exists.

View larger version (21K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Total annual inflow to spreading areas, 1965 through 1999. Data are from http://waterdata.usgs.gov/id/nwis, Station 13132513.

View larger version (17K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Inflow to spreading areas, 30 May to 4 July 1999.

View larger version (25K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Chemical structures and wavelengths of the excitation–emission spectral peaks of the polyaromatic sulfonates tested in the laboratory and in geothermal reservoirs. The third entry, 1,5-naphthalene disulfonate, was selected for the field experiment presented here.

View larger version (28K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Measured concentrations in selected wells with positive detections. (a) Concentration vs. time for all nine wells on the same scale. (b) Data for two of the wells on a magnified scale.

View larger version (25K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Relative errors determined in measurements of analytical precision.