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Surfactant-Induced Flow Phenomena in the Vadose Zone

A Review of Data and Numerical Modeling

^a Department of Earth Sciences University of North Carolina at Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403
^b School of Geography and Geology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada

View larger version (31K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. (a) Measured and (b) scaled retention curves for Ottawa sand wetted with pure water or 7% (w/w) 1-butanol solution (Smith and Gillham, 1999). The butanol data shown in Fig. 1b were scaled according to Eq. [2].

View larger version (21K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Experimental moisture content profiles for (a) myristyl alcohol (MA) system, and (b) 7% 1-butanol systems after 24 h (Henry et al., 1999). The soil columns were initially at a uniform moisture content and contained pure water in the left half and surfactant (MA or butanol) in the right half. Experiments were run in duplicate (Test A and B) for each surfactant.

View larger version (37K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Experimental results of Henry and Smith (2002) after 202.5 h of surfactant solution (surfactant and dye tracer) application at a point source on the soil surface. Porous medium was a homogeneous fine sand with a capillary fringe thickness of approximately 55 to 60 cm. Ambient horizontal groundwater flow was from right to left in figure. The light gray area is the region that experienced surfactant-induced drainage. The darker region is a dye plume that was retarded relative to the movement of the drainage front. Dashed line above top of initial capillary fringe indicates that visual identification of the drainage front was difficult in those locations.