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Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Flow Phenomena in Nonisothermal, Variably Saturated Bentonite–Crushed Rock Mixtures

^a Federal Institute of Geosciences and Natural Research (BGR), D-30655, Hannover, Germany
^b Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
^c Netherlands Institute of Applied Geosciences (TNO-NITG), 3508 TA Utrecht, Netherlands

View larger version (85K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Schematic of coupled thermal hydraulic processes at Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory.

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Measured (symbols) and calculated (lines) viscosity and density of Äspö water as a function of temperature.

View larger version (13K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Measured (square) and calculated (line) surface tension of Äspö water as a function of temperature.

View larger version (63K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Schematic drawing and parts of pressure cell apparatus.

View larger version (24K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Determination of the capillary pressure–saturation relationship based on vapor-pressure measurements using a thermohygrometer.

View larger version (13K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Experimental setup for thermal and gas injection experiments (T1 through T5 indicate temperature sensors, P indicates a manometer).

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Experimental capillary pressure–saturation data (symbols) and fitted Brooks–Corey and van Genuchten models (lines).

View larger version (17K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Comparison between the measured (symbols) and calculated (lines) temperatures.

View larger version (28K): [in a new window]   Fig. 9. Comparison of measured (circles) and calculated water flow (blue and red lines); calculated gas saturation 3 cm above the injection.

View larger version (43K): [in a new window]   Fig. 10. Flocculated structure and flow paths in a bimodal medium: water moving through micropores and macropores.

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Fig. 11. Comparison of the measured (squares) and calculated pressure (lines) in the burette.

View larger version (25K): [in a new window]   Fig. 12. Sensitivity of water flow, temperature at sensor T2, and gas pressure in the burette for the van Genuchten model.