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Monitoring Temporal Development of Spatial Soil Water Content Variation

Comparison of Ground Penetrating Radar and Time Domain Reflectometry

^a Center for Geo-ecological Research (ICG), Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), Physical Geography, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, 1018 WV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
^b Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Institute for Landscape Ecology and Resources Management, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany

View larger version (43K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Measurement locations for manual time domain reflectometry (TDR) measurements and ground penetrating radar (GPR) transects with a schematic representation of the imposed irrigation with four sprinkler types (marked A–D).

View larger version (23K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. (a) Daily precipitation (arrows indicate irrigation events), (b) temporal development of spatially averaged volumetric water content (SWC) (m3 m-3), and (c) temporal development of total volumetric water content variance for ground penetrating radar (GPR) and time domain reflectometry (TDR). The 95% confidence interval in Fig. 2b is based on the standard error of the mean. Please note that the y axis scales are different for GPR and TDR in Fig. 2c.

View larger version (13K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Variograms of volumetric water content (m3 m-3) measured with ground penetrating radar (GPR) (top row) and time domain reflectometry (TDR) (bottom row) for four selected days. Please note that the y axis scales are different for GPR and TDR.

View larger version (30K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. (a,b) Temporal development of daily precipitation, including irrigation, (c) sill variance for ground penetrating radar (GPR), and (d) time domain reflectometry (TDR), (e) variogram range for GPR and (f) TDR, and (g) nugget variance for GPR and (h) TDR. Please note that the y axis scales are different for GPR and TDR in Fig. 4c and 4d and Fig. 4g and 4h.

View larger version (136K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Interpolated volumetric water content maps (m3 m-3) based on ground penetrating radar (GPR) measurements.

View larger version (135K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Interpolated volumetric water content maps (m3 m-3) based on time domain reflectometry (TDR) measurements.

View larger version (83K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Increase of volumetric water content (m3 m-3) due to irrigation measured at three times on Day 245 with ground penetrating radar (GPR) (top row) and time domain reflectometry (TDR) (bottom row).