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Development of Thermo-Time Domain Reflectometry for Vadose Zone Measurements

^a Inst. of Geographic Sci. and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sci., Beijing, China 100101
^b Dep. of Agronomy, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA 50011

View larger version (33K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Schematic view of the thermo-time domain reflectometry probe (not to scale).

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Comparison of thermo-TDR vs. gravimetric . For calculation from measured Ka, Eq. [3] (Topp et al.., 1980) and Eq. [4] (Ren et al., 1999) were used for Fig. 2A and Fig. 2B, respectively.

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Comparison of thermo-TDR thermal properties vs. thermal properties from theory. Soil specific cs and gravimetric b and were used in Eq. [9] to calculate the theoretical c. Gravimetric b and were used in the de Vries model (de Vries, 1963) to calculate theoretical values.

View larger version (23K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Soil bulk density (b) results: thermo-TDR determination vs. gravimetric measurements. For Fig. 4A, the thermo-TDR b were calculated from soil specific cs and thermo-TDR measured c and using Eq. [10]. For Fig. 4b, the thermo-TDR b were calculated from soil specific cs, thermo-TDR measured c and gravimetric using Eq. [10].

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Air-filled porosity (na) (m3 m-3) and degree of saturation (S): thermo-TDR determined values vs. gravimetric measurements. The thermo-TDR determined b and were used in Eq. [11–13] for thermo-TDR derived values of na and S.