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Chloride and Lithium Transport in Large Arrays of Undisturbed Silt Loam and Sandy Loam Soil Columns

^a Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, Islamabad, Pakistan
^b Dep. of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Riley-Robb Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
^c Dep. of Crop and Soil Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853

View larger version (26K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Probability (P) that a velocity V (with probability, p) is exceeded in at least one experimental column as a function of the total number of columns used in a given experiment. Lines are probability that a column set contains at least one column with velocities that are 1 (circles, P = 0.158), 2 (triangles, P = 0.022), or 3 (squares, P = 0.0014) standard deviations from the mean value.

View larger version (27K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Soil column and leachate collection system configuration.

View larger version (43K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Chloride concentration ratio C/C0 in outflow water vs. cumulative effluent depth: 39 Hudson Meadow and 12 Old Sludge Site columns, 39 Arkport Meadow Site columns.

View larger version (38K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Lithium concentration ratio C/C0 in outflow water vs. cumulative effluent depth: 39 Hudson Meadow and 12 Old Sludge Site columns, 39 Arkport Meadow Site columns.

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Lithium batch adsorption isotherm results for the surface (Ap, 0–15 cm) and subsurface (Bw, 15–40 cm) horizons for Hudson and Arkport soils, with Freundlich fits.

View larger version (35K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Chloride preferential flow model regression: ln(1 - L/M0) vs. cumulative flow with zero intercept for 51 Hudson Meadow and Old Sludge Site columns and 39 Arkport Meadow Site columns.

View larger version (48K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Lithium preferential flow model regression: ln(1 - L/M0) vs. cumulative flow with zero intercept for 51 Hudson Meadow and Old Sludge Site columns and 39 Arkport Meadow Site columns.

View larger version (24K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Chloride and Li+ remaining in columns as a function of cumulative outflow for two Hudson Meadow (filled symbols) and two Arkport Meadow (open symbols) soil columns (inset shows full scale for Cl-).

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Fig. 9. Apparent water contents: Cl- vs. Li+.

View larger version (33K): [in a new window]   Fig. 10. Scatter diagram of Li+ and Cl- outflow concentrations: The 1:2 and 1:4 lines correspond to kd of 2 and 4 m3 Mg-1, respectively.

View larger version (42K): [in a new window]   Fig. 11. Ranked distribution of Cl- apparent water content (WCl) with mean and standard deviations: all Hudson columns and Arkport columns. Insets show normal probability plots (r2 = 0.96 Hudson, 0.98 Arkport).

View larger version (38K): [in a new window]   Fig. 12. Ranked distribution of Li+ adsorption partition coefficient (kd) with mean and standard deviations: all Hudson columns and Arkport columns. Insets show log-normal probability plots (r2 = 0.87 Hudson, 0.97 Arkport).

View larger version (27K): [in a new window]   Fig. 13. Predicted relative contribution of individual columns (ranked by WCl) to overall loss of Cl- as a function of cumulative percolate depth (Y): Hudson columns (n = 51), and Arkport columns (n = 39). Insets show cumulative system loss of Cl- as a function of Y. Horizontal lines indicate the mean contribution per column (100/n) when loss is complete.

View larger version (27K): [in a new window]   Fig. 14. Predicted relative contribution of individual columns (ranked by Li+ kd) to overall loss of Li+ as a function of cumulative percolate depth (Y): Hudson columns (n = 51) and Arkport columns (n = 39). Insets show cumulative system loss of Li+ as a function of Y. Horizontal lines indicate the mean contribution per column (100/n) when loss is complete.