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The Role of the Unsaturated Zone in Artificial Recharge at San Gorgonio Pass, California

^a Water Resources Division, United States Geological Survey, Placer Hall, 6000 J St., Sacramento, CA 95819
^b Currently at Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia

View larger version (99K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Landsat image of the San Gorgonio Pass Water Agency boundary area. Delineations of ground water storage units are defined by Bloyd (1971). The area proposed for artificial recharge (shown in inset) lies along the northern boundary of the Beaumont storage unit near Edgar Canyon.

View larger version (30K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Conceptual cross section of the layered stratigraphy, a fault, and the relative location of the cross-section (A–A', Fig. 1) and near-surface recharge ponds to features of the San Gorgonio Pass area, California.

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Temperature profiles from the four wells along the transect in Fig. 1.

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Results from inverse modeling of convective heat transport, which show (a) the sensitivity to water flux of the measured temperatures at TW-3, which were best approximated by a flux value of 0.35 m yr–1, and (b) the sensitivity of modeling results to thermal conductivity using a flux value of 0.35 m yr–1. The undefined thermal conductivity (Kt = Undefined) would be the profile for any conductivity under a no-flow boundary condition.

View larger version (21K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Stream bed temperature time series suggests the possible source for cold water in the perched zone is from low temperature stream-flow events that infiltrated into the stream channel.

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Measured and simulated borehole matric potential generated from the three-dimensional model results in Fig. 12.

View larger version (45K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Simulated temperature profiles under two parallel streams show the decrease in temperature in Boreholes TW-2 and TW-3, reaching a minimum at the perching layer with a gradual increase toward the water table that matches the response in TW-3 in Fig. 8.

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Subsurface temperatures measured in Borehole TW-3 fall between the simulated temperature centered on the model nodes on either side of TW-3.

View larger version (123K): [in a new window]   Fig. 9. Simulated water content after 50 d of application of water at spreading basins during the first year of simulation.

View larger version (120K): [in a new window]   Fig. 10. Simulated water content after 5 d of application of water at spreading basins during the second year of simulation.

View larger version (116K): [in a new window]   Fig. 11. Simulated water content after the fifth year of application of water at spreading basins.

View larger version (104K): [in a new window]   Fig. 12. Simulated matric potential after the fifth year of application of water at spreading basins.

View larger version (118K): [in a new window]   Fig. 13. Simulated temperature after the fifth year of application of water at spreading basins.

View larger version (99K): [in a new window]   Fig. 14. Simulated pressure after the fifth year of application of water at spreading basins.

View larger version (99K): [in a new window]   Fig. 15. Simulated NO3 as N after 40 yr of accumulation under septic leach fields, followed by 5 yr of artificial recharge.