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Modeling Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Injection in Heterogeneous Porous Media

Earth Sciences Division, E.O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd., MS 90-1116, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

View larger version (35K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Idealized representations of three fluvial depositional settings found in the Frio formation, used by TProGS to generate stochastic permeability fields.

View larger version (73K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Examples of the stochastic realizations produced by program TProGS. Each column shows 3 of the 10 realizations created for a given depositional setting.

View larger version (35K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Well logs (Vining, 1997) and interpretation of sequence of depositional settings for Umbrella Point model (see Fig. 4 for depositional-setting legend).

View larger version (72K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Cut-away view of Umbrella Point model. The injection well is shown as a black bar.

View larger version (66K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. (a) Cut-away views of South Liberty model; (b) plan view of depositional settings.

View larger version (47K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Spatial distributions of gas saturation Sg in basic Umbrella Point model during a 20-yr injection period.

View larger version (46K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Spatial distributions of gas saturation Sg in fine-grid Umbrella Point model during a 20-yr injection period.

View larger version (25K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Capacity factor (fraction of subsurface containing CO2) as a function of time during a 20-yr injection period: (a) grid resolution study (medium- and fine-grid models give nearly identical results); (b) alternative stochastic realizations for coarse- and medium-grid models.

View larger version (55K): [in a new window]   Fig. 9. Time sequence of Sg distributions at top of upward-coarsening sand in South Liberty model, with five-point differencing, a nonuniform grid, and generic characteristic curves. Positive y-direction is up-dip; injection and monitoring wells are shown.

View larger version (38K): [in a new window]   Fig. 10. Time sequence of Sg distributions at top of upward-coarsening sand in South Liberty model with five-point differencing, a uniform grid, and generic characteristic curves.

View larger version (39K): [in a new window]   Fig. 11. Time sequence of Sg distributions at top of upward-coarsening sand in South Liberty model with nine-point differencing, a uniform grid, and generic characteristic curves.

View larger version (26K): [in a new window]   Fig. 12. Relative permeability curves used for the South Liberty simulations.

View larger version (36K): [in a new window]   Fig. 13. Time sequence of Sg distributions at top of upward-coarsening sand in South Liberty model with nine-point differencing, a uniform grid, and Frio-like characteristic curves.