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Coupled Vadose Zone and Atmospheric Surface-Layer Transport of Carbon Dioxide from Geologic Carbon Sequestration Sites

^a Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
^b Earth Sciences Department, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1

View larger version (77K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Sketch of unexpected leakage and seepage of CO2 from a geologic C sequestration site showing the subsurface and (atmospheric) surface-layer regions, and eddy flux tower and monitoring vault (not to scale).

View larger version (30K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Mixture density and viscosity at 1 bar in the CO2–air system, showing higher density and lower viscosity of gaseous CO2 relative to air.

View larger version (38K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Correlation for density-dependent and passive dispersion in the surface layer as a function of seepage flux and wind velocity for four different characteristic source area length scales (L) (see Britter and McQuaid, 1988).

View larger version (18K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Schematic of the logarithmic velocity profile used to approximate time-averaged winds in the surface layer.

View larger version (75K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. T2CA results of CO2 concentration (kg CO2 m–3 gas) for the three-dimensional Gaussian plume verification problem.

View larger version (24K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Comparison of T2CA results against analytical solutions for the three-dimensional Gaussian plume verification problem for the x–y plane.

View larger version (28K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Comparison between T2CA results and analytical solution of the CO2 concentration profile in the y direction, with calculated standard deviations.

View larger version (67K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Mesh used in the two-dimensional coupled vadose zone and surface-layer model system.

View larger version (80K): [in a new window]   Fig. 9. Gas phase mass fraction of CO2 and gas velocity in the coupled subsurface–surface-layer model domain 6 mo after CO2 seepage begins for reference velocity of (a) u = 1 m s–1, and (b) u = 5 m s–1. (c) Liquid saturation and (d) mass fraction of CO2 in the liquid with water velocity for infiltration of 10 cm yr–1 (largest water velocity vector 2 x 10–8 m s–1).

View larger version (18K): [in a new window]   Fig. 10. Mass fraction of CO2 in the gas phase at a receptor located on the ground approximately 100 m downstream from the source (x = 645 m) for three reference wind velocities.