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Application of Nonisothermal Multiphase Modeling to In Situ Soil Remediation in Söderkulla

^a Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1804, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland
^b Finnish Road Enterprise, P.O. Box 382, FIN-33101 Tampere, Finland

View larger version (39K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Map showing the most contaminated area, where trichloroethylene (TCE) concentrations in the soil were >10 mg kg–1. Lines C and E are tomography lines (Fig. 3).

View larger version (40K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Process chart of the planned remediation system.

View larger version (33K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Electrical resistivity tomography in a vertical cross section (Line E, Fig. 2) of the Söderkulla site.

View larger version (17K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Simulated two-dimensional spreading of the NAPL phase in a vertical cross section during a hypothetical spill of trichloroethylene (TCE). The color contours in the figure represent NAPL saturation.

View larger version (21K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. The simulation model used for the pilot scale simulations. I6, I7, I12 and I13 are injection wells; E8-E11 (vertical) and H1-H5 (horizontal) are extraction wells.

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Simulated and measured soil moisture contents w (clay at a depth of 1–4 m, groundwater level at a depth of 5 m.)

View larger version (54K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Simulation results showing steam break through the clay layer around Injection Wells I6 and I7. The gray area (around Wells I6 and I7) has temperatures exceeding 60°C. The color contours represent trichloroethylene (TCE) concentrations in the water.

View larger version (55K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Simulation results showing the effects of the newly installed Injection Wells I12 and I13. The gray area (around Well I13) has temperatures exceeding 60°C. The color contours represent trichloroethylene (TCE) concentrations in the water.

View larger version (54K): [in a new window]   Fig. 9. Planned full-scale remediation system and simulated temperature distribution along the lower edge of the clay layer after 2 wk of cyclical-rotational steaming from Wells I12 through I15. In these simulations the former Injection Well I7 was used for vapor extraction.

View larger version (13K): [in a new window]   Fig. 10. Proportion of trichloroethylene (TCE) (%) extracted with in the simulations by cyclical steam injection (S1) and rotational steam injection (S2).

View larger version (17K): [in a new window]   Fig. 11. Simulated cleanup with and without steam injection.

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig. 12. Simulations with and without fracturing.