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Measuring the Soil Water Content Profile of a Sandy Soil with an Off-Ground Monostatic Ground Penetrating Radar

^a Department of Environmental Sciences and Land Use Planning, Catholic University of Louvain, Croix du Sud 2, Box 2, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
^b TNO Physics and Electronics Laboratory, P.O. Box 96864, 2509 JG The Hague, The Netherlands
^c Microwave Laboratory, Catholic University of Louvain, Place du Levant 3, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
^d Department of Geotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Mijnbouwstraat 120, 2628 RX Delft, The Netherlands

View larger version (14K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Block diagram representing the vector network analyzer–antenna–multilayered medium system modeled as linear systems in series and parallel.

View larger version (13K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Three-dimensional N-layered medium with a point source and receiver S. Each layer is characterized by the dielectric permittivity , electric conductivity , and thickness h.

View larger version (14K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Sand specific relation between the volumetric water content and the GPR derived relative dielectric permittivity (r). Topp's model is represented for comparison.

View larger version (17K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. (a) Dielectric profiles pertaining to the five synthetic scenarios, z being the depth and r being the relative dielectric permittivity; (b) corresponding Green's functions.

View larger version (55K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Objective function logarithm [log10()] for Scenarios (a) S2, (b) S3, (c) S4, and (d) S5. A star represents the global minimum of the objective function, which is accurately found by GMCS–NMS in every case.

View larger version (13K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. TNO outdoor experimental setup including the sand tank (3 by 10 m), the air-launched TEM horn antenna, the saturated sand, and the unsaturated sand in hydrostatic equilibrium with the water table.

View larger version (30K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Measured and modeled Green's function represented in both the (a) frequency and (b) time domains.

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Directly measured and GPR derived water content profile. The dash line represents van Genuchten's model fitted to the ground truth data.