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Electromagnetic Inversion of GPR Signals and Subsequent Hydrodynamic Inversion to Estimate Effective Vadose Zone Hydraulic Properties

^a Department of Environmental Sciences and Land Use Planning, Catholic University of Louvain, Croix du Sud 2, Box 2, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
^b Microwave Laboratory, Catholic University of Louvain, Place du Levant 3, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
^c Department of Geotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Mijnbouwstraat 120, 2628 RX Delft, The Netherlands

View larger version (17K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Block diagram representing the vector network analyzer–antenna–multilayered medium system modeled as linear systems in series and parallel.

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Three-dimensional N-layered medium with a point source and receiver S. Each layer is characterized by the dielectric permittivity , electric conductivity , and thickness h.

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Schematic representation of the laboratory experimental setup.

View larger version (18K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Relations between the water content () and the relative dielectric permittivity (r) of the sand determined by GPR and TDR.

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Measured and modeled Green's functions represented in the (a) frequency domain and (b) time domain.

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Measured and modeled soil moisture time series for (a) GPR and (b) TDR.

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. (a) Water retention curve and (b) hydraulic conductivity function of the sand determined directly, by inversion of GPR data, and by inversion of TDR data.

View larger version (14K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Relation between the electric conductivity and dielectric permittivity for TDR and GPR.