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Ground Penetrating Radar Measurements in a Controlled Vadose Zone

Influence of the Water Content

Laboratoire Proche Surface, EOST ULP (UMR-7516), 5 rue René Descartes, 67084, Strasbourg Cedex, France

View larger version (48K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. (a) General view of the sand box with the water filling system. The resin box has a diameter of 2 m and a height of 0.98 m. (b) Plane view of the sand box with the adopted measurement grid and different objects. The depth of each object is also shown.

View larger version (86K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Three-dimensional GPR data set acquired for the dry sand box. The profiles are parallel to the x axis. The diffraction events visible in this figure are due to different objects buried in the sand. The reflection from the bottom of the sand box is marked by B.

View larger version (54K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Data acquired on the sand box (Profile P36), with different saturation levels: (a) with dry sand, (b) with a water table at the 72-cm depth, (c) with a water table at the 48-cm depth, and (d) after draining.

View larger version (25K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Three traces (of Fig. 3a) showing reflections from three different pipes: (a) a water-filled PVC pipe, (b) a steel pipe, and (c) an air-filled PVC pipe. The black arrows indicate the strongest reflected phase.

View larger version (58K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Two common midpoints (CMP) obtained with a 900-MHz antenna (a) for dry sand and (b) for the water table at 48 cm depth, and the corresponding monostatic Profile P16 performed with a 1200-MHz antenna (c) for dry sand and (d) for the water table at the 48-cm depth. B indicates the reflection from the bottom of the sand box. The CMP is positioned in the middle of the profile.

View larger version (71K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Modeling of reflections of the common midpoints (CMP) from Fig. 5 (a) for dry sand and (b) with a water table at the 48-cm depth. The black dashed line is for direct arrivals from the surface, and the continuous black lines are calculated reflections from the bottom of the sand box.

View larger version (8K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Schematic representation of the water content profile after drainage. Sw is the degree of saturation of the soil. At depth b (bottom of the sand box), the sand is considered to be fully saturated (Sw = 1).