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Imaging of Water Content Distributions inside a Lysimeter using GPR Tomography

^a Department of Applied Geophysics, Technical University of Berlin, Ackerstrasse 76, 13355 Berlin, Germany
^b Department of Soil Physics, Technical University of Berlin, Salzufer 11-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
^c Agrosphere Institute, ICG IV, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany

View larger version (102K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Lysimeter with the used coordinate system and a GPR antenna.

View larger version (11K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. (a) Recorded GPR trace before irrigation with normalized amplitude. (b) Spectrum of the trace displayed in Part a.

View larger version (13K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Relationship of volumetric water content to determined dielectric constant derived with the empirical Topp equation (black dashed line), the complex refractive index method (CRIM) equation assuming a dielectric constant of 81 for water (black line), and derived by the CRIM equation using dielectric constants of water at 14°C (gray solid line) and 24°C (gray dashed line) for a frequency of 750 MHz.

View larger version (94K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. (a) Typical GPR data for a horizontal section (transmitter at approximately sector 9 o'clock or circumference 0 m) and (b) a vertical section (transmitter at z = 1.02 m).

View larger version (98K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Straight beams obtained with a horizontal tomographic measurement.

View larger version (31K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Derived horizontal planes of the volumetric water content distribution inside the lysimeter. The two planes are situated approximately 0.45 m (z = 0.82 m) and 0.70 m (z = 0.57 m) below the surface.

View larger version (40K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. (a) Straight beams obtained with a vertical tomographic measurement and (b) derived vertical plane of the volumetric water content distribution inside the lysimeter before sector irrigation started.

View larger version (24K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Vertical integral volumetric water content distributions before (solid black line) and after (dashed black line) the irrigation. The measurements were taken at the plane y = 0 m. Several other measured distributions after the irrigation (various gray lines) are also shown.

View larger version (32K): [in a new window]   Fig. 9. Derived volumetric water content distribution approximately 14 h after the irrigation. Figure 8 indicates that the distributions changed only minimally during data acquisition.

View larger version (27K): [in a new window]   Fig. 10. Calculated volumetric water content changes during the irrigation experiment.

View larger version (27K): [in a new window]   Fig. 11. (a) Derived vertical volumetric water content distribution approximately 13 h after the irrigation. (b) Calculated volumetric water content changes due to the irrigation.