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Time-Domain Reflectometry Probe for Water Content and Electrical Conductivity Measurements in Saline Porous Media

^a Department of Engineering Geology, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
^b Swedish Geotechnical Institute, Hospitalsgatan 16A, 211 33 Malmö, Sweden

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Schematic design of the time-domain reflectometry (TDR) coated–uncoated probe (CUP). The total length of the stainless steel rods is 0.30 m and the separation distance between the other two rods is 0.04 m.

View larger version (30K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Time-domain reflectometry (TDR) waveforms collected during the measurements in the KBr solutions using two coated–uncoated probes (CUP2 and CUP3). The waveforms are taken at three different levels of electrical conductivity: (a) 0.015, (b) 2.00, and (c) 8.95 dS m–1. The + signs indicate the end reflection of the probe estimated by the wave analysis software.

View larger version (24K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. The measured dielectric constant from the coated part of CUP1 and CUP2 (Kap), CUP3 and CUP4 (Kak), and from the uncoated part of all CUPs (Ku) plotted against the electrical conductivity of the KBr solutions. The solid line represents the predicted Kw according to Eq. [1]. CUP, coated–uncoated probe.

View larger version (34K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. The measured dielectric constant from the coated part of CUP2 (Kap) and CUP3 (Kak), and from the uncoated part of CUP2 and CUP3 (Ku2 and Ku3) plotted against the water content during the upward infiltration experiments. The solid line represents the best-fit, third-order polynomial relationship between Ka and for the measurements at the lowest a. CUP, coated–uncoated probe.

View larger version (29K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. The measured bulk electrical conductivity a during the three upward infiltration experiments (+, w = 0.01; , w = 6.31; , w = 12.03 dS m–1) measured with the uncoated parts of two coated–uncoated probes (CUP2 and CUP3).