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Determination of Solute Distributions in the Vadose Zone Using Downhole Electromagnetic Induction

^a New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Department of Earth and Environmental Science, 801 Leroy Place, Socorro, NM 87801
^b Sandia National Laboratories, Geohydrology Department, P.O. Box 1101, Sandia Park, NM 87047

View larger version (41K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Correlated geologic stratigraphic columns of the subsurface sedimentary deposits below the STVZ site (Brainard et al., 2004). Core locations are indicated in Fig. 2.

View larger version (45K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Site layout, with the arrays of the infiltrometer numbered 1 through 9. Arrays 2, 6, and 9 received NaCl solution, while the remaining six arrays continued to receive tap water, all at a flux of 2.7 cm d–1.

View larger version (23K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. EM39 measurements in the center borehole during the salt pulse application. A measurement made before any water application to the site is labeled "pre."

View larger version (65K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Interpolated three-dimensional image of neutron probe data collected 17 d before the salt pulse began.

View larger version (160K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Time series of difference images during the salt pulse application showing the difference in measured ECa (mS m–1) relative to 3 d before salt application. The number of days following salt pulse initiation is indicated in the top right corner or each image.

View larger version (75K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Time series of difference images during the salt-free pulse application showing the difference in measured ECa (mS m–1) relative to 3 d before salt application. The number of days following initiation of the salt-free pulse is indicated in the top right corner of each image.

View larger version (38K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Time series of difference images during drainage showing the difference in measured ECa (mS m–1) relative to 3 d before pulse application. The number of days following the end of infiltration is indicated in the top right corner or each image.

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Change in mass from 3 d before the start of the salt pulse using temperature-corrected data for 4, 6.5, 8, and 10% threshold water contents.