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Infiltration in Unsaturated Layered Fluvial Deposits at Rio Bravo

Macroscopic Anisotropy and Heterogeneous Transport

^a Flow Visualization and Processes Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM
^b Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ

View larger version (127K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Layered fluvial outcrop at Rio Bravo. (a) View of outcrop taken during the final stages of infiltrometer installation and showing the contact locations of the five mapped units (see Table 1 for geologic description). The orange flags provided a 40 by 40 cm reference grid. (b) Oblique view of outcrop showing the outcrop profile. The infiltrometer is installed right of center just beyond the edge of the photograph. Note, these photographs should be seen in color and are best viewed on a computer screen where one can "zoom in" to see increasing detail.

View larger version (58K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Location map of the Rio Bravo Site, located in southern Albuquerque, NM on the eastern escarpment of the "inner valley" resulting from the incision of the Rio Grande. The site is located on fluvial deposits within the Neogene/Quaternary Santa Fe Group, which comprise the principal fill of the Albuquerque Basin, one of the largest of a series of eastward stepping, en-echelon structural basins of the Rio Grande Rift (Kelley, 1977; Hawley, 1978).

View larger version (8K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Experimental infiltration rate plotted for the approximately 47-h infiltration experiment.

View larger version (111K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Photo of plume development at about 48 h. Three zones are visible: an outer clear water zone, a middle red dye zone, and an inner blue-green zone. Note that this photograph should be seen in color and is best viewed on a computer screen where one can "zoom in" to see increasing detail.

View larger version (72K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Composite drawings of water, red and blue fronts, depicting the location of the three fronts in time for (a) water, (b) red dye, and (3) blue dye.

View larger version (668K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Series of photographs taken after excavating slices from the outcrop face shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 4. The excavated faces are exposed at 70, 60, 50, 43, 37, and 0 cm from the center of the infiltrometer. Notice the red and blue-green streamers radiating from the center of the plume, some of which have been identified with yellow arrows. A blue arrow designates the location of a fracture within the deposit that extended back from the outcrop face and influenced dye transport (see Fig. 8 as well). Note, these photographs should be seen in color and are best viewed on a computer screen where one can "zoom in" to see increasing detail.

View larger version (111K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Example influence of layering. Close-up photographs of the (a) bottom and (b) side of the plume at about 30 h. At the bottom, water appears to be preferentially flowing parallel to small-scale cross bedding after breaking through a stronger horizontal capillary barrier at the top of unit 3 (white arrow). At the side, these sequential capillary barriers allow effective horizontal flow. Note, these photographs should be seen in color and are best viewed on a computer screen where one can "zoom in" to see increasing detail.

View larger version (134K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. View of the plume showing a red streamer intruding along the fracture to the clear water front (red arrow). This photo of the unexcavated face was taken about 30 h after start of infiltration. Note, this photograph should be seen in color and is best viewed on a computer screen where one can "zoom in" to see increasing detail.

View larger version (30K): [in a new window]   Fig. 9. Homogeneous isotropic simulation: Simulated moisture distribution at about 18 h after infiltration in an equivalent homogeneous medium with isotropic unsaturated hydraulic conductivity.

View larger version (32K): [in a new window]   Fig. 10. Homogeneous constant anisotropic simulation. Simulated moisture distribution at about 18 h after infiltration in an equivalent homogeneous medium with a constant unsaturated hydraulic conductivity anisotropy.

View larger version (29K): [in a new window]   Fig. 11. Homogeneous moisture-dependent anisotropic simulation. Simulated moisture distribution at about 18 h after infiltration in an equivalent homogeneous medium with a moisture-dependent unsaturated hydraulic conductivity anisotropy.