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Numerical Analysis to Investigate the Effects of the Design and Installation of Equilibrium Tension Plate Lysimeters on Leachate Volume

^a Lincoln Environmental, Ruakura Research Centre, Private Bag 3062, Hamilton, New Zealand
^b Aqualinc Research Limited, P.O. Box 14-041, Enderley, Hamilton, New Zealand

View larger version (18K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Modeled flow domain (vertical cut) and boundary conditions (h_wall = height of the wall, h_lys = height of ETPL).

View larger version (35K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of a single ETPL. Note that the metal shoebox in which the ETPL is inserted is not shown in the picture.

View larger version (17K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Effect of lysimeter wall height on cumulative normalized leachate volumes for three different soil types (clay loam, loam, and loamy sand), two applied constant heads (–100 and –300 cm), and an ETPL.

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Effect of distance between tension plate and base of the ETPL (= lysimeter height or h_lys) on normalized cumulative sampled leachate volume for three different soil types (clay loam, loam, and loamy sand).

View larger version (32K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Soil moisture content (%, v/v) (left) and flow pattern (right) around an ETPL with a height (h_lys) of 5 cm (top) and 50 cm (bottom) in a loamy soil. (Note that velocity vectors are drawn at each finite element node. Therefore, the length of vectors represents flux and not density.)

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Modeled flow domain and boundary conditions (h_wall = height of the wall, h_lys = height of ETPL); the boundary condition between the central access chamber and the ETPL is denoted as the inner boundary condition.

View larger version (18K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Effect of inner boundary condition and lysimeter wall height on normalized cumulative leachate volume for three different soil types (clay loam, loam, and loamy sand).

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Flow pattern around an ETPL with a height of 50 cm (h_lys = 50 cm) in a loamy soil with a 15-cm lysimeter wall (h_lys = 15 cm) and a seepage-face inner boundary.

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig. 9. Schematic showing the three horizontal separation distances: 0 cm (ETPLs below each other), 50 cm, and 75 cm between ETPLs, and two vertical separation distances: 1 and 2 m between ETPLs used in the simulations.

View larger version (31K): [in a new window]   Fig. 10. Effect of horizontal and vertical separation distance on the normalized cumulative leachate volume sampled by the lower ETPL for four different soil types (clay loam, loam, sandy loam, and ignimbrite).

View larger version (24K): [in a new window]   Fig. 11. Soil tension profile (millimeters) around two ETPLs with a horizontal separation of 50 cm and a vertical separation of 200 cm in a loamy soil.

View larger version (11K): [in a new window]   Fig. 12. Normalized cumulative leachate volumes captured by four ETPLs installed at different depths in the Taupo profile.