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Water Saturation Measurements by Gas Tracers in Unsaturated Porous Media—Effect of Mass Transfer Limitations

Dep. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Schematic of experimental apparatus.

View larger version (70K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Packing patterns of sand columns.

View larger version (21K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Effect of Da on the asymmetry of breakthrough curves. Tp = 0.25 PV, Pe = 60, and R = 2.

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Required cdgR/ to maintain a 5% error in Sw for different Damkohler and Peclet numbers. (A) R = 1.1; (B) R = 2.0; and (C) R = 4.0.

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Effects of components in the Damkohler number on the value of Da. w = nSw.

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Effect of extrapolation on normalized tracer detection limit required for a measurement error of 20% in Sw. Pe = 60, KH = 0.49, Da = 0.4, and Tp = 0.25 PV.

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Effect of Sw on required cdg/c0g to achieve a 20% measurement error in Sw. Pe = 85, KH = 0.49, n = 0.344, and Tp = 0.25 PV.

View larger version (17K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Effect of KH on required cdg/c0g to achieve a 50% measurement error of Sw in Column 2. Tp = (A) 0.25 PV or (B) 0.75 PV. The tracer detection limit was adjusted for experimental data to achieve a 50% measurement error. Model predictions are from the single region model.

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 9. Comparison of step inputs and pulse inputs on the required cdgR/ to maintain a 5 or 50% error in Sw. R = 1.84, Pe = 95.

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Fig. 10. Experimental data and model fitting in Column 1. Tp = 0.43 PV, Pe = 23.7, and Da = 0.014.

View larger version (18K): [in a new window]   Fig. 11. Measurement error of Sw as a function of cdgR/ for three experimental columns. Error bars on experimental data represent ± one standard deviation of duplicate or triplicate measurements of water saturation. Data points without error bars are single measurements. Model simulations are predictions from the single region model for the conditions of each experimental column.

View larger version (14K): [in a new window]   Fig. 12. Measurement error of Sw as a function of Da. Experimental data are from different columns, with tracer detection limit adjusted to make cdgR/ = 0.02. Error bars correspond to the standard deviation of duplicate or triplicate measurements. Model predictions are from the single region model.