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Evaluation of Drainage from Passive Suction and Nonsuction Flux Meters in a Volcanic Clay Soil under Tropical Conditions

^a Departement of Environmental Sciences and Land Use Planning, Université catholique de Louvain-la-Neuve (UCL), Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
^b HortResearch, PB 11030, Palmerston North, New Zealand
^c Battelle, Pacific Northwest Division, USA

View larger version (27K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Measured water retention characteristics and the corresponding van Genuchten (1980) curves obtained for five soil depths at the field site.

View larger version (29K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Schematic cross section (exaggerated horizontal scale) of the three water flux meter (WFM) types installed in the soil. A soil solution sample can be extracted from each device (with Z-WFM, nonsuction water flux meter; C-WFM, capacitance water flux meter; and T-WFM, tipping-bucket water flux meter).

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Calibration curve for CS616 probes in the weathered volcanic ash soil of Tongatapu (SMC denotes soil moisture content). The calibration had a r2 of 0.94 for the top clay soil and a r2 of 0.79 for the deeper clay soil.

View larger version (23K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Daily rain and FAO crop reference evapotranspiration values for the evaluation period.

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Infiltration and drainage estimated from the combined measurement of soil moisture content by one set of calibrated CS616 probes placed vertically at depths of 30 to 60, 60 to 90, and 90 to 120 cm.

View larger version (18K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Soil moisture content measured at 90 cm and modeled at 91 cm. Soil moisture contents were measured with two calibrated CS616 probes.

View larger version (18K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Measured and HYDRUS-1D modeled water flux at 100 cm. Measurements are shown of a nonsuction water flux meter (Z-WFM 2) and a suction tipping-bucket water flux meter (T-WFM 2).

View larger version (17K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Cumulative rain, modeled drainage (HYDRUS-1D), and measured drainage and standard deviations for replicate nonsuction water flux meters (Z-WFM 1 and 2) and suction WFMs (T-WFM 2 and C-WFM 1 and 2).