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The Pressure Head Regime in the Induction Zone During Unstable Nonponding Infiltration

Theory and Experiments

^a Dep. of Agricultural Sciences, Saga Univ., Honjou 1, Saga-shi 840-8502, Japan
^b Dep. Environmental Sciences, Soil Physics, Ecohydrology, and Groundwater Management Group, Wageningen Univ., Nieuwe Kanaal 11, 6709 PA Wageningen, The Netherlands
^c Arid Land Research Center, Tottori Univ., 1390 Hamaska, Tottori 680, Japan

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. The main wetting and drying curve of the 0.120- to 0.150-mm glass beads.

View larger version (39K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Front view of the experimental chamber with the wetting fronts observed at the indicated times for the run with the 0.120- to 0.150-mm glass beads. Tensiometers (labeled with characters) are indicated by solid green circles.

View larger version (39K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Front view of the experimental chamber with the wetting fronts observed at the indicated times for the run with the 0.220- to 0.250-mm glass beads. Tensiometers (labeled with characters and numbers) are indicated by solid green circles.

View larger version (38K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Experimental set-up. Before the water application started, the chamber containing the porous material was taken out of the water reservoir that helped create the capillary fringe.

View larger version (12K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. The rainfall simulator providing a constant, uniform flux density.

View larger version (23K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Observed and modeled pressure head trends in the induction zone for the 0.120- to 0.150-mm porous medium. The numbers indicate the distance between the tensiometers and the left chamber wall. All tensiometers were installed at 1 cm below the soil surface. Vertical black lines mark the times at which the dominant finger became visible and reached the capillary fringe.

View larger version (21K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. As Fig. 6, for the 0.220- to 0.250-mm porous medium.

View larger version (28K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Lateral pressure head distribution in the induction zone of the 0.120- to 0.150-mm porous medium at 1 cm below the soil surface. Numbers indicate the time in minutes since the start of infiltration. The widths of the main protrusions are indicated by the black lines. The right-hand-side protrusion developed into a finger. Solid lines indicate theoretical fits.

View larger version (25K): [in a new window]   Fig. 9. As Fig. 8, for the 0.220- to 0.250-mm porous medium. Dominant protrusions were absent, and only the finger is indicated by black lines.