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Modeling Two-Dimensional Water Flow and Bromide Transport in a Heterogeneous Lignitic Mine Soil

^a Chair of Soil Protection and Recultivation, Brandenburg Univ. of Technology, P.O. Box 101344, D-03013 Cottbus, Germany
^b Institute of Soil Landscape Research, Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Eberswalder Strasse 84, D-15374 Müncheberg, Germany

View larger version (8K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Sketch of simulated 2D vertical cross section with numbers of the structural units. Width: 450 cm. Height: 110 cm. Dotted vertical lines denote the boundaries of the excavated cross section.

View larger version (31K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Root density distributions (dimensionless) used in the simulated scenarios. For the standard scenario (top), a horizontally homogeneous distribution is linearly decreasing from the soil surface toward 40-cm depth. The scenario with wedge-shaped insertions of roots between the inclined spoil layer structures (middle) has additionally narrow seams of roots parallel to the spoil layers down to 90-cm soil depth. The root distribution scenario at the bottom uses measured root density data.

View larger version (68K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Two-dimensional-distribution of Ks for the standard scenario (C, top), for one realization of the geostatistical simulation scenario (B, middle), and for the small-scale variability scenario (D, bottom).

View larger version (25K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Spatially-averaged daily values of measured water fluxes at the soil surface (infiltration–left axis) and at the 110-cm soil depth (drainage–right axis) for the period from 1 Nov. 2000 to 21 Sept. 2001.

View larger version (23K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Spatially-averaged daily values of simulated fluxes at 110-cm soil depth for the period from 1 Nov. 2000 to 21 Sept. 2001. (Scenarios with different distributions of soil hydraulic properties, horizontally homogeneous root distribution.)

View larger version (23K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Spatial variability in simulated and measured cumulative water fluxes at the 110-cm soil depth (Scenarios with different distributions of soil hydraulic properties). Dashed vertical lines denote the boundaries of the suction cells.

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Spatial variability in simulated and measured cumulative water fluxes at the 110-cm soil depth (Different realizations of the small-scale variability scenario (D)). Dashed vertical lines denote the boundaries of the suction cells.

View larger version (23K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Cumulative fraction of total water fluxes as a function of the cumulative cross sectional area fraction (Scenarios with different distributions of soil hydraulic properties).

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Fig. 9. Measured two-dimensional residual bromide concentration distributions (ppm) after the end of the experiment for the middle vertical soil slice (Y3) (Wecker, 2005). The values refer to the soil bulk dry mass.

View larger version (37K): [in a new window]   Fig. 10. Simulated two-dimensional bromide concentration (kg m–3) distributions at the end of the simulated period (Scenarios with different spatial distributions of hydraulic parameters). A (= homogeneous, top left), B (top right), C (bottom left), D (bottom right).

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 11. Simulated two-dimensional bromide concentration (kg m–3) distributions at the end of the simulated period. Effect of root distribution (left: Horizontally homogeneous; right: Measured root distribution).

View larger version (14K): [in a new window]   Fig. 12. Horizontally averaged measured bromide contents (ppm) for different vertical soil cross sections (Y2, Y3, and Y4).

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Fig. 13. Horizontally averaged simulated concentrations at the end of the simulated period (Scenarios with different distributions of soil hydraulic parameters).