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Nonaqueous-Phase Liquid Infiltration and Immobilization in Heterogeneous Media: 1. Experimental Methods and Two-Layered Reference Case

^a Dep. of Earth Sciences, Uppsala Univ., Villavägen 16, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
^b Center for Experimental Study of Subsurface Environmental Processes (CESEP), Environmental Science and Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401-1887

View larger version (26K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 1. Experimental flume, showing the point of light nonaqueous-phase liquid (LNAPL) injection.

View larger version (13K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 2. X-ray attenuation measurement system used in the study.

View larger version (17K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 3. Attenuation coefficients as a function of photon energy for the nonaqueous-phase liquid mixture (red), silica sand (black), and water (blue).

View larger version (16K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 4. X-ray measurement points: green squares, early time; red filled circles, additional points at intermediate times; blue empty circles, additional points at late times. The injection point is indicated with an x and points shown below in Fig. 10 are circled.

View larger version (85K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 5. Evolution of nonaqueous-phase liquid (NAPL) distribution, with x-ray attenuation measurements of NAPL saturations (contours) superimposed on digital images.

View larger version (10K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 6. Total nonaqueous-phase liquid volume (Vn) inside the experimental domain, based on original measurements (triangles) and after calibration (circles).

View larger version (20K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 7. Center of mass of nonaqueous-phase liquid plume (xc,zc), and variances (xx, zz); x-directional moments (circles) with axis scale shown on the left side, z-directional moments (triangles) with axis scale on the right side.

View larger version (12K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 8. Covariance (xz) of the spatial distribution of nonaqueous-phase liquid in the horizontal (x) and vertical (z) directions.

View larger version (22K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 9. Coefficients of skewness and kurtosis of the nonaqueous-phase liquid distribution in the x (circles) and z (triangles) directions.

View larger version (17K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 10. Nonaqueous-phase liquid (NAPL) saturation with time at three points: (x,z) = (54,7.7), circles; (54,12.7), squares; (29,27.4), crosses. Figure 4 shows the locations of these points in the flume.

View larger version (18K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 11. Late-time nonaqueous-phase liquid (NAPL) saturation as a function of maximum NAPL saturation previously reached. Late time is defined as 505 to 530 h after injection. Points in the pool zone within 2 cm below the interface are indicated by triangles; points below this zone are circles. Models fitted to the data were Land (1968) (solid line) and constant entrapment (dotted line).

View larger version (35K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 12. Nonaqueous-phase liquid (NAPL) distribution as a function of saturation at 20 and 520 h.

View larger version (26K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 13. Moments of the nonaqueous-phase liquid (NAPL) saturation (Sn) distribution.

View larger version (20K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 14. Ganglia/pool ratios as a function of time for different cutoff values: 0.15 (green squares), 0.17 (red circles), and 0.19 (yellow triangles).