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Nonaqueous-Phase Liquid Infiltration and Immobilization in Heterogeneous Media: 2. Application to Stochastically Heterogeneous Formations

^a Dep. of Earth Sciences, Uppsala Univ., Villavägen 16, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
^b Center for Experimental Study of Subsurface Environmental Processes (CESEP), Environmental Science and Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401-1887

View larger version (31K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 1. Spatial distribution of sand types in Exp. 2. The color scale shows the different sand types defined by effective sieve size: dark red (2.36 mm) is the coarsest sand; blue (0.212-mm sand) is the finest. The injection point is shown as a white x on black background.

View larger version (30K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 2. Spatial distribution of sand types in Exp. 3. The color scale shows the different sand types defined by effective sieve size: red-orange (1.18 mm) is the coarsest sand; dark blue (0.136 mm) is the finest. The injection point is shown as a white x on black background.

View larger version (30K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 3. Spatial distributions of porosity in the sand flume for Exp. 2 and 3; interface between sand zones shown with a white line.

View larger version (82K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 4. Evolution of spatial nonaqueous-phase liquid distribution with time in Exp. 2; x-ray measurement points shown as black x's.

View larger version (14K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 5. Total nonaqueous-phase liquid volume Vn(t) inside the experiment domain. Estimates based on original measurements shown as triangles, estimates based on calibrated values shown as circles.

View larger version (17K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 6. Total nonaqueous-phase liquid volumes (Vn) in the different types of sand: 2.36-mm sand: red empty circles; 1.18-mm sand: purple squares; 0.6-mm sand: blue triangles; 0.6- and 0.3-mm sand mixture: black x's; and 0.212-mm sand: green filled circles.

View larger version (23K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 7. Nonaqueous-phase liquid (NAPL) saturation with time at five points: in 2.36-mm sand at (x,z) = (41.9,27.2), red empty circles, and at (50.2,14.7), red filled circles; in 1.18-mm sand at (41.7,24.2), purple squares; in 0.6-mm sand at (52.8, 8.5), blue triangles; in a mixture of 0.6- and 0.3-mm sand at (43.8,8.0), black x's.

View larger version (28K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 8. Entrapped (late-time) nonaqueous-phase liquid (NAPL) saturation as a function of the maximum NAPL saturation previously reached. Measurements taken in 2.36-mm sand are red; in 1.18-mm sand, purple; in 0.6-mm sand, blue; in 0.6- and 0.3-mm sand mixture, black; and in 0.212-mm sand, green.

View larger version (13K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 9. Entrapped saturation (Snt) as a function of maximum saturation (Snmax) in 0.6-mm sand below the pool zone at the interface. Fitted ganglion entrapment models: solid black line, Land (1968) model; dotted red line, constant entrapment model.

View larger version (36K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 10. Nonaqueous-phase liquid (NAPL) distribution as a function of saturation in different sand types at (a) 12.38 and (b) 474 h: 2.36-mm sand, dark red; 1.18-mm sand, red-orange; 0.6-mm sand, yellow; 0.6- and 0.3-mm sand mixture, cyan; and 0.212-mm sand, blue.

View larger version (14K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 11. Ganglia-to-pool ratio (GPR) for a cutoff value of 0.17 (circles). The GPRs for cutoff values 0.15 (squares) and 0.19 (triangles) indicate sensitivity.

View larger version (70K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 12. Evolution of spatial nonaqueous-phase liquid distribution (Sn) with time in Exp. 3. X-ray measurement points shown as black x's.

View larger version (13K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 13. Total nonaqueous-phase liquid volume Vn(t) inside the experiment domain. Estimates based on original measurements shown as triangles, estimates based on calibrated values shown as circles.

View larger version (19K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 14. Nonaqueous-phase liquid volumes (Vn) in the different sand types: 1.18-mm sand, purple squares; 0.6-mm sand, blue triangles; 0.6- and 0.3-mm sand mixture, green empty circles; 0.212-mm sand, cyan filled circles; and 0.136-mm sand, black x's.

View larger version (21K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 15. Nonaqueous-phase liquid (NAPL) saturation with time at four points: in 1.18-mm sand at (x,z) = (50.7,29.6), purple squares; in 0.6-mm sand at (53.1,18.5), blue triangles, and at (18.0,35.5), blue circles; and in a mixture of 0.6- and 0.3-mm sand at (32.9,33.6), black x's.

View larger version (28K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 16. Entrapped (late-time) nonaqueous-phase liquid (NAPL) saturation as a function of the maximum NAPL saturation previously reached. Measurements taken in 1.18-mm sand, purple; in 0.6-mm sand, blue (homogeneous zone–empty circles, heterogeneous zone–filled); in a mixture of 0.6- and 0.3-mm sand, black; in 0.212-mm sand, green; and in 0.136-mm sand, yellow.

View larger version (13K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 17. Entrapped saturation (Sn) as a function of maximum saturation (Snmax) in 0.6-mm sand below the pool zone at the interface. Fitted ganglion entrapment models: solid line, Land (1968) model; dotted line, constant entrapment model.

View larger version (30K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 18. Nonaqueous-phase liquid (NAPL) distribution in the different sands as a function of saturation at 9 and 385 h: sand size 1.18 mm, red-orange; 0.6 mm, yellow; 0.6- and 0.3-mm mixture, cyan; and 0.212 mm, blue.

View larger version (16K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 19. Ganglia/pool ratio (GPR) for a cutoff value of 0.19 (circles); GPRs for cutoff values 0.17 (squares) and 0.21 (triangles) indicate sensitivity.