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Combined Effects of Urbanization and Global Warming on Subsurface Temperature in Four Asian Cities

^a Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kyoto 603-8047, Japan
^b The Graduate Univ. for Advanced Studies, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan

View larger version (40K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 1. Locations of the urban study areas and boreholes for subsurface temperature measurements.

View larger version (30K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 2. (a) Observed temperature–depth profiles and (b) average and standard deviation of profiles with estimated "new" surface temperature shown by solid circle and estimated geothermal gradient in Tokyo.

View larger version (28K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 3. (a) Observed temperature–depth profiles and (b) average and standard deviation of profiles with estimated "new" surface temperature shown by solid circle and estimated geothermal gradient in Osaka.

View larger version (28K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 4. (a) Observed temperature–depth profiles and (b) average and standard deviation of profiles with estimated "new" surface temperature shown by solid circle and estimated geothermal gradient in Seoul.

View larger version (26K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 5. (a) Observed temperature–depth profiles and (b) average and standard deviation of profiles with estimated "new" surface temperature shown by solid circle and estimated geothermal gradient in Bangkok.

View larger version (29K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 6. Historical records of air temperature in Asian cities and best fits of linear trends (RL = regression line; see Table 1 for R2 values). The location of the meteorological station is almost the center of each city.

View larger version (17K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 7. Temperature–depth profiles calculated using Eq. [1] with surface warming (bt) values of (a) 1.0°C, (b) 2.0°C, and (c) 3.0°C.

View larger version (17K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 8. Relationships between elapsed time from the start of surface warming due to urbanization and the depth of deviation from the constant thermal gradient. The lines show the theoretical results using Eq. [1], solid squares show the predicted values based on Eq. [1] using bt values estimated from air temperature in each city, and where t along the horizontal axis is the estimated time of onset of accelerated air temperature increase from Table 1.