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Influence of Clastic Dikes on Vertical Migration of Contaminants at the Hanford Site

^a Natural Resources Division, Pacific Northwest National Lab., P.O. Box 999, Richland, WA 99352
^b Dep. of Earth and Environmental Science, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM 87801

View larger version (111K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 1. Photograph of clastic dike cutting horizontal layers of Hanford formation.

View larger version (38K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 2. Map of clastic dike networks exposed at the Hanford Site. Clastic dikes appear to be common across the entire Hanford Site but are usually covered by surface sediment deposits or cultural features. Field experiments described here were conducted at the Army Loop Road site.

View larger version (15K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 3. Air permeability measurements from Army Loop Road excavation.

View larger version (33K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 4. Layout of infiltration area and monitoring instruments. TDR, time domain reflectometry.

View larger version (48K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 5. Top: Composite image of dye penetration. Bottom: Contour map of clastic dike. Water content measurements for surface are shown in upper image.

View larger version (24K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 6. Cross-plot of air permeability data and infrared (IR) data.

View larger version (61K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 7. Spatial variability for Tier 2 of the excavation. (a) Spatial variation in soil textures from a digital camera; (b) measured infrared temperatures; (c) vertical saturated hydraulic conductivity, inferred from the relationship between geometric mean grain size and intrinsic permeability.

View larger version (40K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 8. Comparison of particle size distribution from <2-mm fractions from the Army Loop Road field site. Essentially, five soil types were identified from the analyses: silt loam (e.g., IN-A1-5, •), loam (e.g., AL-CDT3-1, ); sandy loam (e.g., AL-CDT2-8, ); loamy sand (e.g., AL-CDT2-5, ); and sand (e.g., Al-HT1-1, ).

View larger version (30K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 9. Flow domain showing boundary conditions. The surface boundary condition is a specified flux, Jw0, whereas the bottom and side boundary conditions are specified as no flow conditions by setting the gradient in matric potential, , in the x and z directions equal to zero.

View larger version (20K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 10. Hydraulic functions for five typical soils from the Army Loop Road Dike Site: (a) water retention, (), and (b) hydraulic conductivity, K(). Textures included silt loam (IN-A1-5), loam (AL-CDT3-1), sandy loam (AL-CDT2-8), loamy sand (AL-0CDT2-5), and sand (AL-HT1-1). Matric potential, , is in meters, and hydraulic conductivity is in centimeters per second.

View larger version (89K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 11. Simulated distributions of volumetric water content () during steady infiltration under a constant surface flux of (a) 1 mm yr–1, (b) 10 mm yr–1, (c) 102 mm yr–1, and (d) 103 mm yr–1. Domain properties were upscaled to 2-cm grid.

View larger version (94K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 12. Simulated distributions of dimensionless water flux, |Jw|/Jw0, during steady infiltration under a constant flux surface flux, Jw0, of (a) 1 mm yr–1, (b) 10 mm yr–1, (c) 102 mm yr–1, and (d) 103 mm yr–1. Domain properties were upscaled to 2-cm grid.

View larger version (14K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 13. Example of solute breakthrough curves observed in the field at the Army Loop Road dike site. Breakthrough in the dike is multimodal, reflecting at least two flow domains. A dike continuous to a compliance plane could result in multipeaked breakthrough curves at that plane.