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Hydrostratigraphic Characterization of Glaciofluvial Deposits Underlying an Infiltration Basin Using Ground Penetrating Radar

^a Univ. de Lyon, 69003 Lyon, France, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement, E.N.T.P.E., rue M. Audin, 69518 Vaulx-en-Velin, France
^b Dep. Génie de la Construction, Ecole de Technologie Supérieure, 1100 rue Notre-Dame Ouest, Montréal, QC H3C 1K3, Canada
^c Laboratoire de Geophysique Interne et Tectonophysique, UMR CNRS 5559, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, and Laboratoire Régional des Ponts et Chaussées, Boulevard de l'Industrie, B.P. 141, 71404 Autun Cedex, France
^d Centre des Sciences de la Terre, UMR CNRS 5561 Biogéosciences, Université de Bourgogne, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
^e Dep. des Génies Civil, Géologique et des Mines, Ecole Polytechnique de Montréal, C.P. 6079, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada

View larger version (45K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 1. Workflow for the hydrostratigraphic modeling of glaciofluvial deposits and the evaluation of the coherence of this model. Results expected for each step are in bold and underlined. They are used to interpret the experimental results of the following step (as shown by the arrows).

View larger version (40K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 2. (a) Geological settings of the eastern part of the Lyon area, and (b) location of the site in the Chassieu city area. The DjR infiltration basin is located in 13-m-deep unsaturated glaciofluvial deposits. It is located downstream from a storage and settling basin.

View larger version (35K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 3. Measurements performed in the DjR infiltration basin. Ground penetrating radar GPR) reflections calibration was performed from the trench wall excavated on Grid A and Grid B (results are presented by Goutaland et al., 2005). This calibration was used to interpret GPR profiles from Grid C in terms of stratigraphy and hydrostratigraphy. This interpretation was compared with volumetric water content variations at –0.50 and –1.15 m under the basin surface.

View larger version (14K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 4. Schematic presentation of the measurement well constructed in the glaciofluvial deposits underlying the DjR infiltration basin. Time domain reflectometry (TDR) probes at 0, –0.50, and –1.15 m measured volumetric water content variations during water infiltration from the infiltration cylinder. These variations were recorded by the acquisition device located in the measurement well.

View larger version (50K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 5. Lithofacies classification of the glaciofluvial deposits at the field site. Lithofacies code used is the one from Table 1. The glaciofluvial deposits are mainly composed of Gcm and Gcm,b lithofacies.

View larger version (58K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 6. Comparison of (a) orthonormal picture of Section A, and (b) corresponding GPR profile. Boundaries of depositional units (a and b) and main glaciofluvial lithofacies (a) are outlined. The four lithofacies characterized on the field site are sand and gravel mixtures Gcm and Gcm,b, matrix-free gravels Gcx,o or Gcg,o, and medium sands S-x. Boundaries of depositional units from sedimentological analysis and GPR surfaces correlate well. The eight white points on each figure are the correlation points used to normalize electromagnetic wave velocity, which ranged from 0.094 to 0.111 m ns–1 (a mean value of 0.1 m ns–1 was chosen).

View larger version (56K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 7. Ground penetrating radar pseudo-three-dimensional block and three-dimensional interpretation block of depositional units of Grid A. Units 1, 2, and 3 have been deposited in a braided system environment with dominant trough-fill sedimentation. Unit 4 corresponds to a high-energy braided river system.

View larger version (35K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 8. Calibration of GPR reflections with lithofacies organization, depositional units, and depositional events.

View larger version (45K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 9. Ground penetrating radar profile corresponding to the west–east section of Grid C perpendicular to the time domain reflectometry probes of the measurement well. Radar surfaces linked to depositional units are outlined. Four units are characterized: Unit 5, palaeochannel; Unit 6, progradation of an alternation of sand and gravel mixture Gcm,b and matrix-free gravel Gcg,o; Unit 7, trough fill; Unit 8, high-energy deposit.

View larger version (41K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 10. Ground penetrating radar pseudo-three-dimensional block and three-dimensional interpretation block of depositional units of Grid C. Under the upper unit (high-energy braided river deposit), the boundaries of depositional units are characteristic of a braided system environment (trough-fill unit, progradation of gravelly units).

View larger version (25K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 11. (a) Lithofacies distribution model drawn from the genetic interpretation of the pseudo-three-dimensional GPR block of Fig. 9, and (b) corresponding hydrostratigraphic model using the lithofacies/hydrofacies relations of Table 2. These interpretative models show an interpretation of the two-dimensional section perpendicular to the time domain reflectometry probes positioned at the end of the pipes.

View larger version (22K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 12. Volumetric water content variations at the surface (time domain reflectometry [TDR] probe 1), –0.50 m (TDR probe 2), and –1.15 m (TDR probe 3) below the surface of the infiltration basin during (a) Infiltration Test a (initial "dry" conditions at –1.15 m), and (b) Infiltration Test b (initial "humid" conditions at –1.15 m).