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Published online 25 February 2008
Published in Vadose Zone J 7:227-237 (2008)
DOI: 10.2136/vzj2006.0129
© 2008 Soil Science Society of America
677 S. Segoe Rd., Madison, WI 53711 USA
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Monitoring Unsaturated Flow and Transport Using Cross-Borehole Geophysical Methods

Majken C. Loomsa,*, Karsten H. Jensena, Andrew Binleyb and Lars Nielsena

a Univ. of Copenhagen, Dep. of Geography and Geology, Oester Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark
b Lancaster Univ., Dep. of Environmental Science, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK


Figure 1
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FIG. 1. Schematic drawing of the field site setup, showing electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and ground penetrating radar (GPR) boreholes. The light gray area indicates the infiltration area.

 

Figure 2
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FIG. 2. (a) Sediment samples from a well located 18 m from the center of the field site (d10, d50 and d90 are the 10th, 50th and 90th percentile of the grain size distribution; data were provided by Copenhagen Energy); and (b–c) well logs conducted at the field site. GPR1, 2, 3, and 4 refer to the ground penetrating radar boreholes in Fig. 1.

 

Figure 3
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FIG. 3. Background moisture content profiles estimated using cross-borehole ground penetrating radar (GPR) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT): (a) six zero-offset profiling moisture content profiles and mean moisture content vs. depth; (b) six ERT moisture content profiles withdrawn from the three-dimensional parameter volume and mean moisture content vs. depth; and (c) average moisture content profiles estimated using the two geophysical methods.

 

Figure 4
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FIG. 4. The result of a synthetic electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) test is presented. The synthetic input resistivity profile and the inverted resistivity profile are converted to moisture content using Eq. [1].

 

Figure 5
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FIG. 5. Average moisture content profiles estimated from ground penetrating radar data for various days. The gray curve is the background moisture content profile, i.e., Day 0, also shown in Fig. 3.

 

Figure 6
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FIG. 6. Ground penetrating radar tomographic moisture content images. Boreholes 1 and 3 are to the left and right of the image, respectively.

 

Figure 7
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FIG. 7. Accumulated difference in water volume estimated from the individual zero-offset profiles (ZOPs) (gray curves) and an average value (black curve).

 

Figure 8
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FIG. 8. Average electrical resistivity profiles measured using electrical resistivity tomography at various days. The gray curve is the background electrical resistivity profile, i.e., Day 0.

 

Figure 9
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FIG. 9. Electrical resistivity tomography log(electrical resistivity) images. Boreholes 1 and 3 are to the left and right of the image, respectively.

 

Figure 10
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FIG. 10. Tomographic images illustrating the soil moisture content change during the first 4 d of the infiltration experiment estimated from ground penetrating radar (GPR) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT).

 

Figure 11
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FIG. 11. Average tracer mass profiles estimated from electrical resistivity tomography and ground penetrating radar for various days.

 

Figure 12
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FIG. 12. Tracer mass tomographic estimates computed from electrical resistivity tomography and ground penetrating radar for various days. Day 4 is included to give a visualization of the noise present in the images. The red circles indicate the center of mass locations estimated using two-dimensional moment analysis.

 

Figure 13
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FIG. 13. Results of the one-dimensional moment analysis: (a–c) results computed using field data; (d–f) results computed using synthetic data.

 





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