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Matric Potential Measurements by Polymer Tensiometers in Cropped Lysimeters under Water-Stressed Conditions

^a Wageningen Univ., Dep. of Environmental Science, Soil Physics, Ecohydrology and Groundwater Management Group, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
^b ALTERRA, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands

View larger version (21K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 1. Schematic diagram of the constructed lysimeters without the insulation or the stainless steel frame. The instrumentation levels are indicated in red, with a top view of the polymer tensiometer (POT) and time domain reflectometer (TDR) layout as installed at each level. Note the L-shaped layout of the TDR probes in the top view. The maize seeds (light gray) were sown at 0.05-m depth, in such a way that all seeds had equal areas of soil (0.1166 m2).

View larger version (12K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 2. Cumulative irrigation for the no-stress (NS), intermediate-stress (IS) and severe-stress (SS) treatments.

View larger version (16K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 3. Distribution of dry bulk density with depth (z) for the three lysimeters under the no-stress (NS), intermediate-stress (IS) and severe-stress (SS) treatments, as determined after completion of the experiment.

View larger version (64K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 4. Matric potential (p, left) and volumetric moisture content (VWC, right) distributions in the lysimeters under the (upper) no-stress (NS), (middle) intermediate stress (IS), and (lower) severe stress (SS) treatments on (A) 8 Sept., (B) 23 Oct., and (C) 8 Dec. 2005. For the VWC distributions, the horizontal coordinate was transformed to plot an L-shaped trajectory in two dimensions. Legends for potential and moisture contours are equal in all plots. (D) Location of the polymer tensiometers (left, •) and time-domain reflectometers (right, x).

View larger version (17K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 5. The laboratory soil water retention data for the loamy soil (10.9% clay, 58.2% silt, 31.9% sand) used in the lysimeters, together with paired polymer tensiometer (POT) and time domain reflectometry (TDR) data under the no-stress (NS), intermediate-stress (IS), and severe-stress (SS) treatments.

View larger version (12K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 6. Cumulative root length density (RLD) of the lysimeters under the no-stress (NS), intermediate-stress (IS), and severe-stress (SS) treatments. The cumulative RLD is the length of root under a unit area of soil surface to a specified depth (z).